essential nutrients. The holistic management of plants, in the business of agriculture, is crucial for optimal growth and productivity. In the past,…
minimize the use of chemical pesticides and consider the ecological impact of pest management. Is IPM safe for the environment? Is IPM safe for the…
chemical bans, environmental concerns and the increasing demands of the supply chain. Biological crop protection offers a sustainable solution to…
This species is the only Fusarium that actually grows inside the vascular system of the host plant and spreads upwards inside the plants. The other…
to crops both directly and indirectly. The type of damage depends on the species of the flies. Direct damage is the immediate result of larvae feeding…
belong to the Noctuidae (the noctuid or owl moths), which is the largest of all lepidopteran families. Most adults of this family are nocturnal. The…
to the host plant by feeding on plant sap. They mainly occur on the underside of leaves where they pierce the cells and suck out the contents. The…
their presence in the crop. At a later stage, the empty cells become desiccated and the adjacent cells turn brown. The vigour of the plant is also…
belong to the order Hemiptera (true bugs ). Together with aphids and scale insects, they belong to the division Sternorrhyncha. The whiteflies form th…
on this honeydew, which, as well as the white, waxy secretion of the mealybugs, reduces the ornamental value of the affected plants. Fruit and flowers…
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